دانلود کتاب یک قرن سیاست فشرده مالی - 100 سال ریاضت، سیاست و بوروکراسی در بریتانیا A Century of Fiscal Squeeze Politics - 100 Years of Austerity, Politics, and Bureaucracy in Britain

This volume identifies and compares 'fiscal squeezes' (major efforts to cut public spending and/or raise taxes) in the UK over a century from 1900 to 2015. The authors examine how different the politics of fiscal squeeze and austerity is today from what it was a century ago, how (if at all) fiscal squeezes reshaped the state and the provision of public services, and how political credit and blame played out after austerity episodes. The analysis is both quantitative and qualitative, starting with reported financial outcomes from historical statistics and then going behind those numbers to explore the political choices and processes in play. This analysis identifies some patterns that have not been explained or even recognized in earlier works on retrenchment and austerity. For example, it identifies a long term shift from what it terms a 'surgery without anaesthetics' approach (deep but short-lived episodes of spending restraint or tax increases) in the earlier part of the period towards a 'boiling frogs' approach (episodes in which the pain is spread out over a longer period) in more recent decades. It also identifies a curious reduction of revenue-led squeezes in more recent decades, and a puzzle over why blame-avoidance logic only led to outsourcing painful decisions over squeeze in a minority of cases. Furthmore, the volume's distinctive distinctive approach to classifying types of fiscal squeezes and qualitatively assessing their intensity seeks to solve the puzzle as to why voter 'punishment' of governments that impose austerity policies seems to be so erratic. Table of contents : Content: Cover A Century of Fiscal Squeeze Politics: 100 Years of Austerity, Politics, and Bureaucracy in Britain Copyright Preface and Acknowledgements Contents List of Figures List of Tables Part I: Background and Overview 1: Setting the Scene: The Politics of Austerity and Fiscal Squeeze 1.1 What Is Fiscal Squeeze and Why does It Matter? 1.2 Three Key Political Choices in Fiscal Squeeze and Their Consequences 1.2.1 Tax Hikes or Spending Cuts? 1.2.2 `Surgery without Anaesthetics ́or `Boiling Frogs?́ 1.2.3 Handling the Blame 1.3 Observing and Classifying Fiscal Squeezes 1.4 Why a Single Country and Why the UK?1.5 The Analytic Approach: Plan of the Book 2: UK Fiscal Squeezes over a Century: A Summary Comparison 2.1 Fiscal Squeezes Identified and Compared 2.1.1 The Varying Spending/Taxation Composition of Fiscal Squeezes 2.1.2 The Disappearing `Hard Revenue Squeeze?́ 2.1.3 Spending Squeezes: From Short and Sharp to Long and Shallow? 2.2 Triggers, Accompanying Conditions, and Composition of Fiscal Squeezes 2.2.1 The Implications of a Changing Public Spending Profile for Fiscal Squeeze 2.2.2 Changing Profiles of Revenue Squeezes 2.3 Conclusion Part II: Selected Periods of Fiscal Squeeze over a Century3: World War I and the 1920s: From Tax Squeeze through Double Squeeze to Spending Squeeze 3.1 Background: The Period in Perspective 3.2 The Wartime Revenue Squeeze 3.3 Post-War Politics: Double Hard Squeeze 3.4 Tax Revolt and the Shift to Expenditure Squeeze, 1921 3.5 After Geddes: Expenditure Squeeze after the Fall of the Lloyd George Coalition 3.6 Conclusion 3.6.1 Tax and Spending, Depth and Duration, Blame and Control 3.6.2 Loss, Cost, and Effort Involved in these Episodes 3.6.3 Electoral and Other Consequences 4: The 1930s Squeeze: From Revenue Squeeze to Spending Squeeze via Political Crisis4.1 Background: The Period in Perspective 4.2 What Triggered These Fiscal Squeezes 4.2.1 Fiscal Squeeze and The Labour Government, 1931 4.2.2 The National Government `Emergency ́Period, August to October 1931 4.2.3 The National Government after the General Election of October 1931 4.3 Blame Politics and Blame Avoidance 4.4 Winners and Losers: What Was Spared and What Was Sacrificed 4.5 Conclusions 4.5.1 Tax and Spending, Depth and Duration, Blame and Control 4.5.2 Loss, Cost, and Effort Involved in These Episodes4.5.3 Electoral and Other Consequences: Turkeys Voting for Christmas? 5: World War II and Post-War Labour Austerity 5.1 Background: The Period in Perspective 5.2 The World War II Revenue Squeeze 5.3 The Post-War Labour Squeezes 5.3.1 The Immediate Post-War Squeeze 5.3.2 Mid-Term Fiscal Squeeze Pressures, 1947-49 5.3.3 The Final Labour Years 1950-51 5.4 Conclusions 5.4.1 Tax and Spending, Depth and Duration, Blame and Control 5.4.2 Loss, Cost, and Effort Involved in These Episodes 5.4.3 Electoral and Other Consequences